Juniperus communis
Gemeiner Wacholder
други имена
| Международно признато търговско наименование (ATIBT) | ||
| Deutsch | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| English | Common juniper | |
| Français | genévrier commun | |
| Italiano | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| Suomi | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| Norsk | Einer | |
| Čeština | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| Español | enebro común; enebro real | |
| Svenska | En | |
| Polski | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| Український | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| Român | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| Русский | можжевельник обыкновенный (mozhzhevel'nik obyknovennyy) (mozzevel'nik obyknovennyj (mozhzhevel'nik obyknovennyy)); | |
| Български | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| EESTI | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| 日本語 | Gemeiner Wacholder | |
| 中文 | 欧洲刺柏 (ou zhou ci bai) (ou zhou ci bai (ou zhou ci bai)) | |
| други имена | Adi ardiç [Turkish]; Gewone jeneverbes [Dutch]; Jeneverstruik [Dutch]; Közönséges boróka (Koezoenseges boroka) [Hungarian]; ene [Dan]; enebaer [Dan] ; jalovec obecný [Czech]; jalowiec pospolity [Polish]; kleka; obicna borovica |
произход
| Щати и територии | Caucasus; Primorye; Северозападни територии; Саскачеван; Ирак; North-Central U.S.A.; North Caucasus; Белгия; Temperate Eurasia, North Africa, North America N of Mexico. Juniperus communis is the most widely distributed conifer species in the world, with a circumpolar distribution extending from ca. 70° N in Alaska, Scandinavia and Siberia to ca. 28° N in the Himalaya. Comprehensive area maps are given in Hegi's Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa (Zoller, 1981) and Hultén & Fries (1986). Zoller presents an inclusive outline map of the species; Сърбия; Андора; Southwestern Europe; Северна Африка; Нова Скотия; Utah; Chita; Беларус; Казахстан; Естония; South Dakota; Southeastern U.S.A.; Швейцария; Great Britain; Sicilia; Латвия; Minnesota; European Turkey; Xinjiang; Турция; Manchuria; Южна Кореа; Connecticut; Alberta; Узбекистан; Франция; Таджикистан; Финландия; Middle Europe; Гърция; Missouri; България; Yukon; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Швеция; Испания; Vermont; Манитоба; Moldova; Subarctic America; Северна Европа; Amur; Eastern Canada; Baleares; Hultén & Fries map six varieties separately, one of these is not here recognised (var. hemisphaerica in the Mediterranean and W Asia). Both maps show some scattered dots in central China, but the species is not recorded in Flora of China (Fu & al., 1999). In this study, it has been found to occur in border mountains of Xinjiang in NW China and in Jilin in NE China. The subalpine form, var. saxatilis (var. montana in Hultén & Fries, 1986, subsp. nana in Flora of Alaska, Hultén, 1968) does extend into the W Himalaya but not (far) into Xizang (Tibet). Confusion with J. pingii and J. squamata is the likely source of these errors. This variety has the widest distribution, in Eurasia it is almost coincident with the species as a whole. In the colder parts of the boreal forest zone and in the subarctic and arctic tundras it occurs in lowlands as well as mountains and only in lower latitudes does it retreat to similar climatic zones in mountain systems, with the W Himalaya as its most southern outlier. Juniperus communis var. communis extends from Spain eastward accross Europe to central Siberia and is essentially a lowland form reaching higher altitudes only along its southern fringe in the Mediterranean, the Caucasus and Elburz mountains. It is more polymorphic than var. saxatilis as it occurs in more diverse habitats. Distribution patterns are still only vaguely outlined in NE Asia, but it seems that var. nipponica is indeed geographically separated, occurring only in Japan and the southern Kuriles. In North America three varieties occur (Flora of North America, Adams, 1993). Hultén & Fries (1986) map J. communis var. montana (= var. saxatilis) across Canada, Alaska and the Rocky Mountains, but in Flora of North America most of that range is instead assigned to var. depressa, with var. montana restricted to S Greenland and from British Columbia in Canada south to California. However, it does occur in coastal Alaska. Sometimes the distinction between the two varieties is difficult to make out in herbarium specimens. The W American populations of var. saxatilis are then quite disjunct from the E Asian ones as nearly all of the dots in Flora of Alaska (Hultén, 1968) should be assigned to var. depressa. This variety reaches its southernmost limits in N Georgia and W Texas. The much more restricted var. megistocarpa appears to be limited to the maritime region of E Canada.; Montana; Khabarovsk; Indiana; Kaliningrad; CZE-SK; Northwest European Russia; Източна Европа; Литва; West Siberia; Ирландия; Crete; Непал; Словения; Ohio; Италия; Nebraska; Дания; Sakhalin; Syria; Кипър; Германия; Лихтенщайн; Idaho; Остров Принц Едуард; Iran; Ню Брънзуик; Британска Колумбия; Квебек; North Dakota; Корсика; New Mexico; Oklahoma; Alaska; Kosovo; Киргизстан; Хърватия; Сибир; West Virginia; Northwestern U.S.A.; Honshu; Yakutskiya; Пакистан; Албания; Португалия; Западна Азия; Indian Subcontinent; Russian Far East; Rhode Island; Colorado; East Aegean Is.; Hokkaido; Kuril Islands; Румъния; Maine; Nei Mongol; New Hampshire; Полша; Wisconsin; Michigan; Унгария; Wyoming; Magadan; Норвегия; Kentucky; Македония; California; Черна гора; Irkutsk; North Carolina; Kansas; Krasnoyarsk; Украйна; Labrador; Ливан; South European Russia; Central European Russia; Kamchatka; Illinois; Altay; Афганистан; Virginia; Massachusetts; Nevada; Oregon; Southwestern U.S.A.; Австрия; Washington; Ontario; Гибралтар; Uttaranchal; Channel Islands; Tennessee; Холандия; Western Canada; Централна Азия; Arizona; Jammu-Kashmir; Northeastern U.S.A.; Босна и Херцеговина; New York; Китай; Алжир; Himachal Pradesh; Туркменистан; Transcaucasus; Чехия; Мароко; North European Russia; Newfoundland; Buryatiya; Монголия; Krym; Сен Пиер и Микелон; Югоизточна Европа; Северна Корея; Фарьорските острови; Гренландия; South Carolina; Iowa; South-Central U.S.A.; Исландия; Sardinia; Нунавут; East European Russia; Източна Азия; Tuva; Грузия; Люксембург | |||
| Швейцарско дърво | Роден в Швейцария (Етикет швейцарско дърво) | |||
ботаника
| Reich | Plantae | |||
| Отдел | Tracheophyta | |||
| Голосеменни | Gymnosperm | |||
| Класс | Pinopsida | |||
| Порядок | Pinales | |||
| Семейство | Cupressaceae | |||
| Род | Juniperus | |||
| видове | communis | |||
| Авторски цитат | L. | |||
| Научно наименование | Juniperus communis L. | |||
Xабитус
| тип дърво | мека дървесина | |||
Естествена издръжливост
(съгласно EN 350)
| Поле за гъбична устойчивост | DC | |||
Външен вид
Дърво
Juniperus communis , ©Dennis Wilson
Дървесна Кора
, Bark , ©Dennis Wilson
Конуси
, 2, Cones , ©Michael P. Frankis
, Cones , ©Michael P. Frankis
, Cones , ©Michael P. Frankis